Summary

Language other than English, US states

Language other than English by state · all 52 states · hover or tap a state for every figure on this page

StatesCalifornia

Summary

Darker amber is a higher share of people age 5 and over who speak a language other than English at home. Puerto Rico is listed in the ranking and table but is not on this map.

A typical published area has 12.3% of people age 5 and over speaking a language other than English at home, the midpoint of the 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico on the 2023 ACS five-year estimates. Puerto Rico stands apart at 95.1%, almost all of it Spanish. Among the 50 states, California is highest at 44.1%, then Texas at 34.9%. West Virginia is the lowest of the 50 states at 2.5%. Spanish is the largest non-English group in most areas; California leads the 50 states at 28.2% of people age 5 and over. These are each area's own shares of its residents, not a national average of people.

12.3%typical published areathe middle area, not an average

95.1%Puerto Ricohighest share speaking a language other than English

44.1%Californiahighest of the 50 states

2.5%West Virginialowest of the 50 states

28.2%California, Spanishhighest Spanish share among the 50 states

Figure 1

Language other than English, all published states

Language other than English · all 52 · ranked high to low

Summary

Every area the Census published in this table: 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, 52 in all. Puerto Rico leads at 95.1%, then California at 44.1% and Texas at 34.9%. West Virginia is the lowest of the 50 states at 2.5%. The middle published area sits at 12.3%. 7 areas reach 30% and 16 reach 20%, while 20 sit below 10%. The ranking is each area's own share of people age 5 and over who speak a language other than English at home.

Figure 2

Spanish spoken at home, all published states

Spanish · all 52 · ranked high to low

Summary

Every area with a published language table, 52 of 52. Puerto Rico leads at 94.9% Spanish at home. Among the 50 states, California is highest at 28.2%, then Texas at 28.1%. Maine is the lowest of the 50 states at 0.9%. The middle published area sits at 7.8%. 5 areas reach 20% Spanish and 14 reach 10%. These are shares of people age 5 and over in each area, not a national average.

Figure 3

Spanish against other non-English languages

Other non-English languages against spanish · one point per row, 52 of 52 plotted

Summary

Each point is one area with both figures published, 52 of 52. Spanish at home and other non-English languages are only weakly related once Puerto Rico is set aside: the correlation coefficient among the 50 states and the District of Columbia is 0.39, so Spanish accounts for about 15 per cent of the variation in other non-English shares. Puerto Rico pairs 94.9% Spanish with 0.2% speaking another non-English language. Hawaii has the highest other-non-English share at 23.1%, then New York at 15.9%.

Table 1

All states

52 rows · 18 columns · sorted by language other than English, high to low

Summary

Language spoken at home for people age 5 and over in every state, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico on the 2023 ACS five-year estimates. Shares and published language-group counts are shown. Sort any column or use the filter box to jump to a state by name. These shares cannot be averaged into a United States figure.

All states
	?	?	?	?	?
Puerto Rico	3,147,830	95.1%	4.9%	94.9%	0.2%	2,988,559	1,321	468	75	1,240	87	1,172	31	37	17	535	214
California	37,028,644	44.1%	55.9%	28.2%	15.9%	10,446,277	136,413	118,885	264,865	1,239,326	355,494	1,274,086	562,701	769,480	726,747	211,800	209,279
Texas	27,712,101	34.9%	65.1%	28.1%	6.8%	7,782,802	90,862	76,530	65,700	459,573	67,152	188,675	238,917	92,275	284,376	114,705	198,794
New Jersey	8,740,614	32.7%	67.3%	17.0%	15.7%	1,482,123	94,107	31,497	148,170	482,443	77,563	126,060	17,690	79,291	136,965	81,357	97,848
New Mexico	2,001,819	31.6%	68.4%	24.5%	7.1%	491,275	3,754	6,117	2,833	9,659	2,090	4,547	4,976	5,708	4,782	2,636	94,605
New York	18,769,358	30.6%	69.4%	14.7%	15.9%	2,762,664	280,614	265,973	383,695	749,289	90,209	593,075	22,810	77,225	174,814	121,719	229,791
Florida	20,814,553	30.1%	69.9%	22.2%	7.9%	4,618,042	552,720	78,501	137,501	388,005	16,663	74,217	69,399	71,768	98,525	73,579	86,902
Nevada	2,964,043	29.3%	70.7%	19.9%	9.4%	589,815	9,449	8,718	15,448	36,887	11,715	35,235	10,885	85,897	30,969	7,430	25,668
Arizona	6,868,676	25.7%	74.3%	19.2%	6.4%	1,322,111	19,504	19,774	26,690	72,556	11,925	32,218	22,623	26,922	49,071	23,374	137,425
Hawaii	1,363,614	25.1%	74.9%	2.0%	23.1%	26,995	3,525	4,274	3,442	5,867	14,812	33,757	9,923	59,329	165,521	436	14,515
Massachusetts	6,642,060	24.8%	75.2%	9.6%	15.2%	635,368	129,887	20,440	65,709	392,255	17,974	142,640	43,801	8,092	82,096	40,726	65,584
Illinois	11,984,023	23.8%	76.2%	13.9%	9.9%	1,669,905	42,120	38,095	294,304	300,543	39,231	107,143	22,218	83,603	112,768	71,426	71,078
Connecticut	3,417,108	23.0%	77.0%	12.6%	10.5%	428,938	38,919	10,103	51,265	136,571	6,517	31,008	8,065	8,785	30,676	11,787	23,710
Rhode Island	1,041,558	22.7%	77.3%	13.0%	9.6%	135,886	17,611	1,859	5,614	42,197	1,170	7,218	803	1,996	11,554	2,674	7,758
Washington	7,303,551	21.0%	79.0%	9.0%	12.0%	657,756	27,580	29,807	109,747	142,077	52,583	134,060	68,740	62,311	145,165	24,525	79,065
Maryland	5,811,398	20.6%	79.4%	9.4%	11.2%	548,412	74,053	19,422	34,900	144,224	35,576	70,119	19,935	32,412	58,347	21,856	138,979
District of Columbia	631,163	18.0%	82.0%	9.2%	8.7%	58,315	9,922	2,583	3,452	11,579	2,124	5,149	1,126	1,376	3,597	2,174	12,137
Virginia	8,162,218	17.2%	82.8%	7.9%	9.3%	642,108	40,182	28,858	31,067	206,170	56,655	58,800	50,764	46,382	95,843	60,534	84,264
Colorado	5,495,304	16.1%	83.9%	11.0%	5.1%	606,804	21,537	24,301	29,791	49,004	13,189	23,749	20,438	9,238	35,905	14,052	38,614
Utah	3,093,041	15.7%	84.3%	10.7%	5.0%	329,804	9,107	10,418	9,882	35,167	4,580	16,953	7,829	7,265	32,280	4,896	16,425
Alaska	686,146	15.6%	84.4%	3.4%	12.2%	23,665	2,436	2,842	5,510	3,222	3,796	1,773	829	18,754	15,358	1,804	27,195
Oregon	4,026,229	15.1%	84.9%	9.0%	6.2%	360,507	12,621	15,933	31,785	38,967	10,280	31,556	25,566	11,768	43,353	8,982	17,953
Georgia	10,183,479	15.0%	85.0%	8.4%	6.6%	858,772	59,838	29,623	31,646	157,001	50,024	57,449	58,377	14,768	88,256	20,747	105,980
Delaware	951,327	14.8%	85.2%	7.8%	7.0%	73,851	9,717	4,430	3,183	15,740	1,783	7,440	1,576	3,070	7,215	3,278	9,110
North Carolina	9,986,027	13.0%	87.0%	8.4%	4.6%	841,347	38,710	26,790	29,143	107,683	15,737	39,527	25,565	16,840	83,560	31,148	44,131
Nebraska	1,838,921	12.3%	87.7%	8.1%	4.2%	149,033	6,026	4,702	5,382	12,967	1,296	4,911	8,078	2,454	13,718	6,406	11,214
Minnesota	5,374,611	12.2%	87.8%	4.1%	8.1%	221,800	17,891	20,429	24,091	40,146	4,129	23,159	22,455	8,138	126,272	14,792	134,742
Kansas	2,758,109	12.1%	87.9%	8.0%	4.0%	221,988	5,178	11,882	3,950	17,803	2,964	11,278	12,542	4,045	21,015	6,225	14,355
Pennsylvania	12,301,139	12.0%	88.0%	5.4%	6.6%	664,669	55,253	109,801	90,999	198,115	26,460	96,237	34,536	17,852	85,650	42,882	59,619
Oklahoma	3,747,614	11.3%	88.7%	7.9%	3.3%	297,671	5,492	10,529	4,810	17,029	3,078	10,037	16,953	4,818	25,780	5,733	20,547
Idaho	1,780,030	10.7%	89.3%	8.0%	2.7%	142,101	3,205	5,656	7,357	8,449	1,620	4,036	1,454	1,836	6,374	2,702	5,985
Michigan	9,502,054	10.2%	89.8%	3.0%	7.1%	287,431	22,630	46,282	53,397	164,992	16,954	45,974	15,526	15,037	70,013	167,438	58,889
Indiana	6,399,929	9.8%	90.2%	5.2%	4.6%	335,205	21,472	68,182	18,573	51,057	7,922	23,658	7,592	10,120	47,249	13,451	25,356
Iowa	3,007,357	8.9%	91.1%	4.6%	4.4%	136,905	8,899	16,736	12,191	15,407	3,305	9,218	8,163	3,600	26,674	9,783	17,302
Wisconsin	5,571,572	8.8%	91.2%	4.8%	4.0%	269,020	8,702	40,007	18,011	38,244	3,384	16,887	4,516	7,149	62,917	8,156	15,067
Louisiana	4,331,954	8.3%	91.7%	4.5%	3.8%	195,221	65,936	4,746	3,576	22,449	2,380	9,462	22,554	5,401	9,636	12,962	6,099
Tennessee	6,576,407	8.3%	91.7%	5.1%	3.3%	332,843	13,829	16,921	11,130	43,625	7,245	14,697	10,050	8,290	30,257	32,309	25,745
South Carolina	4,924,906	8.2%	91.8%	5.2%	3.0%	254,999	11,956	14,373	18,241	37,049	4,679	10,598	7,828	8,951	17,102	4,956	11,443
Arkansas	2,850,213	8.1%	91.9%	6.0%	2.1%	169,990	3,592	5,799	2,072	10,314	1,999	4,312	4,684	3,238	19,896	1,914	2,704
New Hampshire	1,324,629	8.0%	92.0%	2.7%	5.4%	35,239	16,199	4,321	5,669	18,881	1,682	4,999	1,760	2,138	7,445	2,565	5,671
Ohio	11,104,430	7.7%	92.3%	2.5%	5.2%	283,123	34,270	100,144	47,640	126,130	9,175	46,164	13,153	14,876	59,920	45,213	79,649
Wyoming	547,813	6.8%	93.2%	4.7%	2.1%	25,902	1,171	2,046	1,267	1,344	200	836	384	704	1,443	115	1,923
South Dakota	841,073	6.7%	93.3%	2.4%	4.2%	20,492	1,086	5,798	2,772	3,533	542	801	962	1,410	3,162	838	14,729
Missouri	5,808,266	6.6%	93.4%	2.9%	3.7%	165,840	13,730	28,442	24,933	34,706	6,788	20,757	12,592	8,748	29,857	12,493	22,163
Kentucky	4,243,362	6.4%	93.6%	3.3%	3.2%	138,283	12,042	21,480	10,690	22,001	3,532	7,689	4,183	5,020	20,892	9,637	18,066
North Dakota	727,989	6.4%	93.6%	2.0%	4.3%	14,612	2,165	5,311	2,157	4,765	993	1,200	667	2,157	1,870	1,510	8,871
Maine	1,314,485	6.0%	94.0%	0.9%	5.0%	12,179	31,805	4,723	2,917	7,424	643	2,550	1,156	1,381	3,581	2,154	7,963
Alabama	4,759,836	5.9%	94.1%	3.9%	2.0%	183,774	5,929	10,361	4,100	18,806	10,848	10,931	7,759	4,393	9,049	5,934	7,635
Vermont	617,201	5.5%	94.5%	1.3%	4.2%	7,829	8,240	1,939	3,118	5,466	352	1,495	472	648	2,032	419	1,914
Mississippi	2,774,293	4.2%	95.8%	2.6%	1.6%	71,295	4,247	3,294	1,043	8,103	1,190	4,383	5,881	2,483	3,325	3,430	7,861
Montana	1,046,240	4.2%	95.8%	1.4%	2.7%	15,028	1,949	7,814	2,114	2,480	584	1,707	537	1,307	2,123	421	7,423
West Virginia	1,695,154	2.5%	97.5%	1.1%	1.4%	18,939	1,920	3,009	1,176	5,702	684	2,096	943	1,184	2,683	2,378	1,951

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Figure 1

Language other than English, US states

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Figure 2

Language other than English, all published states

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Figure 3

Spanish spoken at home, all published states

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Figure 4

Spanish against other non-English languages

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Table 1

All states

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About this data

The universe is people age 5 years and over. Language is what is spoken at home, not ancestry or ability to speak English.
Shares are each area's own residents. They cannot be averaged across states to produce a United States figure, because states differ in size.
The Census published 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. None of the language-group estimates used here were suppressed.
C16001 is the collapsed language table. It groups languages into published categories such as Spanish, Chinese, Tagalog and other Indo-European languages rather than listing every language separately.
Puerto Rico is listed in the ranking and table. On the map, Alaska and Hawaii appear as insets; Puerto Rico is not drawn on this US state map.
A 90 percent margin of error is shown for the population 5 years and over and for the Spanish count. Computed shares do not carry a published margin.

In short

Language other than English, US states

Language other than English, all published states

Spanish spoken at home, all published states

Spanish against other non-English languages

All states

About this data